Resumo: Neste estudo buscamos identificar as formas e estratégias de mobilização coletiva de contestação e protesto no enfrentamento das medidas neoliberais e de austeridade no Sistema Nacional de Saúde na Espanha, tomando como referência o Real Decreto-ley 16/2012 e o Real Decreto-ley 7/2018. O estudo se sustenta no uso de método qualitativo com instrumentos múltiplos de coleta, baseado em revisão narrativa da literatura, análise documental e aplicação de questionário com perguntas abertas a pessoas de referência na área, profissionais e líderes de associações, com posicionamentos contrários às restrições ao direito universal à saúde. Os resultados sugerem que as mobilizações e ações de protesto conseguiram deter as propostas do Real Decreto-ley 16/2012. Os êxitos são considerados inspiradores, mas não suficientes. A saúde passa a ser vinculada novamente à condição de cidadania, no entanto, há reminiscências do modelo anterior e permanecem as disputas com o setor privado.

Abstract: In this study we sought to identify the forms and strategies of collective mobilization of contestation and protest against neoliberal and austerity measures in National Health System in Spain, as referred in the Royal Decree-Law 16/2012 and the Royal Decree-Law 7/2018. This study is founded on qualitative method with multiple instruments of collection, based on bibliographical reviews, on documental analysis and the application of open-ended questionnaires with selected people in the area, and with professionals and association leaders contrary to the restrictions against universal health rights. The results suggest that the mobilizations and protest acts managed to detain the Royal Decree-Law 16/2012 and the Royal Decree-Law 7/2018. The successes are considered inspiring, but not enough. Health becomes once more linked to the condition of citizenship, however, there are reminiscences of the previous model, and the disputes with the private sector remain.

Objective: To determine whether the famine experienced during the Spanish civil war and immediate postwar period influenced mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) in persons born in this period, following the lines of Barker's hypothesis on fetal programming of chronic diseases in adult life. Methods: Using CHD mortality data by age and sex for 1990-2002, annual and age-adjusted rates were calculated by the direct method. Poisson regressions were used to estimate period, age and cohort effects by year of birth (1918-1957). Results: During the study period, CHD mortality fell by a yearly average of -2.3% in both sexes and in all ages yearly. This trend was influenced by both cohort and period effects (p < 0.001); an increased risk was observed for both sexes and in all ages in the deaths corresponding to persons born during the war and postwar years when the famine was most intense (1937, 1940, 1943 and 1945). Conclusions: The results obtained by studying yearly CHD mortality are compatible with those expected by Barker's hypothesis of the effect of nutritional stress during pregnancy. In addition to its human, economic and political costs, the Spanish civil war could also have had negative consequences for the health of persons born in this period.

Objetivo: Analizar si el hambre durante la Guerra Civil española y la inmediata posguerra influyó sobre la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica de las personas que nacieron en este período, según lo planteado en la hipótesis de Barker acerca de la posible programación fetal de enfermedades de la edad adulta. Métodos: Con los datos de mortalidad por edad y sexo por cardiopatía isquémica en el período 1990-2002, se calcularon las tasas anuales de mortalidad específicas y las tasas ajustadas por edad, por el método directo. Mediante análisis de regresión de Poisson se analizó el efecto de la edad, el período y la cohorte anual de nacimiento (1918-1957). Resultados: Durante el período de estudio, la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica ha disminuido un promedio anual de -2,3% en ambos sexos y para todas las edades. En el descenso de mortalidad están presentes los efectos cohorte y período (p < 0,001); se observa un incremento del riesgo para todas las edades y ambos sexos en las muertes correspondientes a personas nacidas durante los años reconocidos como de mayor escasez alimentaria de la Guerra Civil y la inmediata posguerra (1937, 1940, 1943 y 1945). Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos al estudiar anualmente la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica son compatibles con la hipótesis de Barker sobre el efecto del estrés alimentario durante el embarazo en la génesis de diversas enfermedades en el adulto. La Guerra Civil española, además de costes humanos, económicos y políticos, puede haber tenido consecuencias negativas para la salud de los nacidos en esas cohortes.

Objective: To determine whether the famine experienced during the Spanish civil war and immediate postwar period influenced mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) in persons born in this period, following the lines of Barker's hypothesis on fetal programming of chronic diseases in adult life. Methods: Using CHD mortality data by age and sex for 1990-2002, annual and age-adjusted rates were calculated by the direct method. Poisson regressions were used to estimate period, age and cohort effects by year of birth (1918-1957). Results: During the study period, CHD mortality fell by a yearly average of -2.3% in both sexes and in all ages yearly. This trend was influenced by both cohort and period effects (p < 0.001); an increased risk was observed for both sexes and in all ages in the deaths corresponding to persons born during the war and postwar years when the famine was most intense (1937, 1940, 1943 and 1945). Conclusions: The results obtained by studying yearly CHD mortality are compatible with those expected by Barker's hypothesis of the effect of nutritional stress during pregnancy. In addition to its human, economic and political costs, the Spanish civil war could also have had negative consequences for the health of persons born in this period.

Objetivo: Analizar si el hambre durante la Guerra Civil española y la inmediata posguerra influyó sobre la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica de las personas que nacieron en este período, según lo planteado en la hipótesis de Barker acerca de la posible programación fetal de enfermedades de la edad adulta. Métodos: Con los datos de mortalidad por edad y sexo por cardiopatía isquémica en el período 1990-2002, se calcularon las tasas anuales de mortalidad específicas y las tasas ajustadas por edad, por el método directo. Mediante análisis de regresión de Poisson se analizó el efecto de la edad, el período y la cohorte anual de nacimiento (1918-1957). Resultados: Durante el período de estudio, la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica ha disminuido un promedio anual de -2,3% en ambos sexos y para todas las edades. En el descenso de mortalidad están presentes los efectos cohorte y período (p < 0,001); se observa un incremento del riesgo para todas las edades y ambos sexos en las muertes correspondientes a personas nacidas durante los años reconocidos como de mayor escasez alimentaria de la Guerra Civil y la inmediata posguerra (1937, 1940, 1943 y 1945). Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos al estudiar anualmente la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica son compatibles con la hipótesis de Barker sobre el efecto del estrés alimentario durante el embarazo en la génesis de diversas enfermedades en el adulto. La Guerra Civil española, además de costes humanos, económicos y políticos, puede haber tenido consecuencias negativas para la salud de los nacidos en esas cohortes.